TNF and infection: Although N315Δlpl infections induced less IL-6 and TNF-α production in mice than did the wild-type strain, OXA-treated N315Δlpl-infected mice still produced higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines than did untreated wild-type strain-challenged mice (Fig. S3D and E), suggesting that other mechanisms might be involved in immune system modulation by β-lactam-treated MRSA.