INS and Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance increases the burden placed on pancreatic ß cells to increase insulin synthesis and secretion that leads to associated defects including decreased ß cell number (Clark et al., 1988; Butler et al., 2003; Yoon et al., 2003), chronic ER stress and/or oxidative stress (Robertson et al., 2007; Scheuner and Kaufman, 2008; Back and Kaufman, 2012; Han et al., 2015), and a loss of ß cell identity (Talchai et al., 2012; Swisa et al., 2017).