It is also important to note that Western blotting analysis of the non-reducing SDS-PAGE gel (with or without subsequent DTT treatment of the gel prior to transfer) demonstrated readily detectable proinsulin disulfide-linked complexes in WT murine islets, nondiabetic human islets and in prediabetic db/db islets prior to onset of hyperglycemia (Arunagiri et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Hyperglycemia.