APOL1 and chronic kidney disease: Fourth, determining if the presence of an APOL1 risk genotype correlates with ESRD risk (microalbuminuria, reduced eGFR, and/or early CKD), and determining whether it influences longitudinal renal outcomes among patients with prevalent albuminuria, is novel and will inform treatment guidelines and result in significant public health benefits, particularly if our results show that affordable and readily available treatment can be instituted early in the disease continuum.