APOL1 and stage 5 chronic kidney disease: Genovese et al. described two risk alleles in the Apolipoprotein-1 (APOL1) gene [22], Kopp et al. and others showed that carriage of these two alleles (APOL1 high-risk (HR) genotype) confers sizeable risk (with odds ratios ranging from 3.1 to 89) for FSGS and hypertension-attributed end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [15, 21, 22, 28].