VIM and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Analysis of EpCAM as a general epithelial marker, cytokeratin 14 and 19 (CK14 and CK19) as epithelial markers of HNSCC cells [33], and Thy-1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and Vimentin as markers of stromal CAFs was subsequently performed by Q-PCR using culture cells from patient sample 4 (S4), which initially showed the largest epithelial cell content.