We found that therapeutic effects of E2 were associated with increased activation of the JNK pathway (assessed by increased P‐JNK and P‐cJUN) and the p53 pathway (assessed by increased p53 and decreased MDM2) upon E2 treatment in tumor models and LTED cells, and upon FW in FR cells (Figs 5 and 7A,B; MDM2 was not detected in murine tumors). This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and neoplasm.