TGFB1 and epilepsy: The phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) was significantly increased in the brains of TLE patients compared with that in the brains of controls, suggesting that ERK is activated in epilepsy.17 In PTZ‐kindled rats, inhibiting the TGF‐β‐mediated ERK signaling pathway can alleviate inflammation responses in epilepsy.18 However, the mechanism by which inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy remains unclear and requires further exploration.