For its functions regarding carcinogenesis, for example, it significantly reduces HCC cell proliferation and induces caspase-independent apoptosis by inhibiting Rac1 and its targets p65 and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway (12), in contrast with our previous report in which TIPE1 promoted cervical cancer proliferation by suppressing p53 activity (16). Here, RAC1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.