Excessive pro-inflammatory M1 Mφ-related cytokines are produced by Mφ from SLE patients, including IL-1β (37), interferon (IFN)-γ (19), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) (38), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (39). Here, CCL2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.