ATP1A3 and focal epilepsy: By comparing the results of gene-based burden tests for EE/DEE in our study and a recent study for common forms of epilepsy (genetic generalized epilepsy: GGE and nonacquired focal epilepsy: NAFE)20, we found SCN1A, KCNQ2, ATP1A3 and GRIA4 as genes with nominally significant burden of rare damaging variants in both EE/DEE and common epilepsy (Supplementary Fig. 8a and Supplementary Data 7).