According to an ad-hoc sensitivity analysis for OS accounting for subsequent systemic anti-cancer treatment (including ipilimumab, vemurafenib, dabrafenib, trametinib or an anti-PD-1), there was a 27% reduction in the risk of death for T-VEC versus GM-CSF (unadjusted HR, 0.73; 95% Cl, 0.59–0.92; P = 0.0069 [descriptive]). Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.