Furthermore, we observed decreased gene expressions of pro-fibrotic cytokine TGF-β and fibrotic genes fibronectin and collagen type IV in diabetic kidneys after treatment with EMP; this result is consistent with the findings of previous investigations that showed anti-fibrotic effects for EMP against diabetes-associated renal fibrosis in db/db mice (11). Here, TGFB1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.