CRHR1 and alcohol dependence: In particular, CRF1 mechanisms and circuits have been implicated in the development of the negative emotional state associated with alcohol dependence, and it has been proposed that alleviation of this negative state drives the motivation to drink in mice and rats (Funk et al., 2006; Koob, 2010; Roberto et al., 2010; Lowery-Gionta et al., 2012).