LEP and gestational diabetes: Women with GDM demonstrated alterations in cardiometabolic biomarkers; among them, lower levels of serum adiponectin after 1 and 3 years postpartum, rising plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) over time [28], inflammation markers such as the upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) [29] and a higher leptin/adiponectin ratio [30].