CTLA‐4 is mainly expressed on T lymphocytes and PD‐1/ PD‐L1 is pervasively expressed on B cells, T cells, myeloid cells, and non‐lymphoid organs.36, 37 The CTLA‐4 inhibitors can reactivate suppressed T lymphocytes and trigger anti‐tumor response. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.