TNF and autoimmune disease: This is greatly supported by the numerous biologics readily available to treat most of the autoimmune diseases, including biotherapies targeting specific immune cells, such as the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4, also known as CD152) or the B-lymphocyte antigen CD20, or secreted mediators like the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12/IL-23 and IL-17 [7].