TXN and cardiovascular disorder: Nrf2 and the oxidoreductase thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) have been previously identified as protective factors in cardiovascular disorders, with Trx-1 stimulating oxidative phosphorylation and tricarboxylic acid cycle via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α and Nrf2 in cardiomyocytes and Nrf2 stimulating Trx-1 expression [52-53].