TLR4 and Other metabolic disease: We have previously shown association between activity and expression levels of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a leucine-rich repeat molecule that plays a key role in the activation of innate immune response by recognizing conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and in metabolic disorders (Belforte et al., 2012; Penas-Steinhardt et al., 2012).