The ITOC cell lines show up-regulation of inducers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (VEGFA)43, epigenetic markers (AURKA, AURKB, HDAC9); ECM receptor interaction molecules (laminin - LAMC2) and IL23A. A recent study has shown up-regulation of LAMC2 as a marker of cancer invasion in oral leukoplakia44. Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.