INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: It is estimated that in 2017, 1 100 000 children and adolescents (0–19 years) worldwide had type 1 diabetes and that the number of newly diagnosed cases was over 130 000.1 The incidence rate in children is increasing by ~3%–4% per year with geographic differences.1 Earlier onset can result in diabetes complications appearing at a younger age, while dependence on lifelong insulin imposes a heavy burden on children, carers as well as healthcare systems.