TNF and cholesteryl ester measurement: Similarly, there were no significant differences when comparing IL-10, TNF-alpha or IL-4 between dogs with only confirmed CE and non-GI causes (P-value 0.238, 0.785 and 0.934, respectively, mean (standard deviation); confirmed CE group vs. non-GI causes group: IL-10 324.5 pg/mL (305.3) vs. 437.3 pg/mL (325.9), TNF-alpha 267.3 pg/mL (217.5) vs. 286.0 pg/mL (239.4), IL-4 458.2 pg/mL (471.0) vs. 445.5 pg/mL (538.8).