PAPPA and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: For preeclampsia, prediction models have evolved from ones that used maternal background characteristics alone (e.g., obstetrical history, chronic hypertension, familial history of preeclampsia, obesity) [114,115] to those that combine maternal demographic characteristics, obstetrical history [116,117], mean blood pressure [118], uterine artery Doppler studies [52,54,119], and molecular biomarkers [56,120–122] (e.g., PAPP-A [88,123–125] and inhibin-A [124,126–128]).