These SCFA also act in downstream signaling pathways in CRC cells (76, 77) and in non-cancer cells including IEC and immune system cells (78, 79) through interaction with G protein coupled receptors (FFAR2/GPR43, FFAR3/GPR41, GPR109a, and Olfr78) (80). This evidence concerns the gene FFAR2 and colorectal carcinoma.