CXCL8 and viral infectious disease: In acutely infected IAV patients, serum/plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-15, and CXCL10 (IP-10) are elevated (13, 16, 17), and airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages release CXCL10 and IL-15 in the lung upon stimulation with IFN-γ, viral infection, or other pulmonary diseases (18–22).