VDR and melanoma: These results suggested that (1) a selective sweep which favored the VDR promoter haplotype happened as soon as H. sapiens migrated out of Africa; (2) the VDR promoter haplotype co-adapted with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the skin color genes; (3) the main skin color gene that correlates strongly with latitude is the melanoma-associated SLC45A2 gene; and (4) the cluster of the VDR promoter with the skin color genes provides a fine-scale adaptation to northern latitudes and decreasing UVB along the route out of Africa.