Also, Engin et al. (2013) shown that TUDCA treatment, during the pre-diabetic stage, reduces T1D incidence in RIP-LCMV-GP (rat insulin promoter–lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus–glycoprotein), keeping the pancreatic islet largely intact, despite the presence of inflammatory cells, and reduces beta-cell apoptosis by reducing ER stress in an ATF6-dependent pathway. This evidence concerns the gene ART4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.