GFAP and Alzheimer disease: -3XTg-AD mice with an IL-1 inhibitor ↓S100B levels and suppress Wnt/β-catenin (Kitazawa et al., 2011);-↑ IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression in Tg2576-huS100B mice (Mori et al., 2010);-↑ S100B activates JNK, degrades β-catenin, and disrupts Wnt pathway in human neural stem cells (Esposito et al., 2008b);-Inhibition of S100B causes ↓ GFAP,↓ p-p38 MAPK, ↓COX-2, ↓ IL-1β and ↓RAGE expression in C57BL/6J mice (Cirillo et al., 2015);-TNFα ↓S100B expression in astrocytes and ↑S100B extracellular levels in primary astrocytes (Edwards and Robinson, 2006).