AVP and infection: Injection of the potent inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hypothalamus induced secretion of AVP in rodent models.[31–33] Interestingly, IL-1β is not only secreted during infection, but also during exercise.[28–30] Although the data on IL-1β elevation are controversial, it is important to note that measurement of IL-1β is not reliable due to minimal concentrations in the blood and only antagonization of the IL-1β can provide confirmatory answers on IL-1β effects.[36] Therefore, IL-1β might represent a valuable candidate driving exercise-induced AVP and copeptin levels.