IL10 and bacterial infectious disease with sepsis: SA cell-wall components and secreted toxins can modulate the immune response to promote either disease tolerance or immune evasion.8 In response to SA, innate cells (particularly monocytes and macrophages) and T cells can produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10,8,26 which dampens pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and pathogen-specific Th1/Th17 responses.27,28 Correspondingly, high levels of circulating IL-10 and lack of the Th17-polarizing cytokine IL-1β have been linked to increased mortality in SA bacteremia patients.29