Additionally, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is inhibited by 1,25(OH)2D3 in colon carcinoma cells in a paracrine manner: 1,25(OH)2D3 diminishes the secretion by macrophages of interleukin-1β, which acts on colon carcinoma cells and stabilizes β-catenin56. Here, PPIB is linked to colon carcinoma.