HP and neoplasm: Phosphorylation of the MAKP pathway can further activate several key transcription factors and lead to uncontrolled growth in GC.35 Moreover, activation of the NF‐κB pathway also plays a critical role in maintaining cell proliferation and protecting cells from apoptosis in GC.36 Although not all mechanisms underlying the tumor‐promoting role of Hp have been well illustrated, Hp clearly and cleverly manipulates routine pathways in host cells as an external stimulus to ensure its survival and proliferation, as these pathways react sensitively to external signals.