HP and gastric cancer: Recently, a group reported that Hp can promote GC by activating gastric stem cells.32 The gastric carcinogenesis initiated by Hp can be partially attributed to changes in signaling pathways, and the most studied pathways are toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) and nuclear factor‐κβ (NF‐κB) signaling.33, 34Activation of TLR‐4 triggers a cascade of downstream signaling pathways, including phosphorylation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which contains the components extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38.