Post-mortem analyses of PD patients revealed the presence of activated microglia expressing inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, as well as enzymes associated with inflammation, such as inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 in the brain tissue of patients (Rocha et al., 2015 ▶). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Parkinson disease.