Prolonged (24 hr) exposure of cultured primary astrocytes to glutamate has been reported to generate a toxic, oxidative stress-mediated activation of NF-κB (28), and glutamate stimulation of glioma cell lines can produce secondary non-cannonical NF-κB activation through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling (29). Here, NFKB1 is linked to glioma.