Because Barnesiella is important in host IL-1 activity36 and IFNγ signalling37,38 and Faecalibacterium is linked to TNF39, which might synergize with IL-17 activity37,40, the lack of these associations in insulin-resistant participants suggests that insulin resistance may affect interactions between the gut microbiome and host cytokines. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.