Binding of the cyst wall by various GalNAc glycan-binding lectins, e.g., Dolichos biflorus lectin (DBA), Vicia villosa lectin (VVA), Helix pomatia lectin (HPA), and Jacalin, as well as periodic acid-Schiff stain, has suggested the presence of O-GalNAc modifications on cyst wall proteins. The gene discussed is HPSE; the disease is cyst.