PDCD1 and glioma: In preclinical models, anti‐CTLA‐4 blockade alone or in combination with PD‐1 blockade significantly prolonged the long‐term survival of glioma patients.25 Likewise, anti‐PD‐1/anti‐PD‐L1 blocking antibody monotherapy also showed promising effects.26 Nevertheless, many patients still do not benefit from the treatments.