VDR and inflammatory bowel disease: Ligands targeting NRs in IBD, either being tested in clinical trials or already in use to treat IBD patients, are dexamethasone and methylprednisolone (targeting GR), rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, bezafibrate, and curcumin (targeting PPARγ), and 1,25-di-hydroxyvitamin, calcitriol, and cholecalciferol (targeting VDR) (3, 4) (Table 4).