SMN1 and acute kidney injury: Figure 1A shows significantly reduced SMN staining in tubular epithelial cells from AKI patients compared to those in controls (control vs. moderate, p = 0.016; control vs. severe, p = 0.0002). Additionally, SMN expression was significantly reduced in patients with stage 3 AKI than those in patients with stage 1–2 AKI (moderate vs. severe, p = 0.023).