VEGFA and macular retinal edema: In patients with CRVO, macular edema is often treated by intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, which is an Fab antibody fragment that binds and neutralizes all isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, or by aflibercept, which is a recombinant fusion protein containing parts of the human VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1 and VEGFR-2 extracellular domains fused to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 [1, 2].