Treatment of CD166+ OSCs with either an AKT1/2 kinase inhibitor (AKI, at 5 and 10 mM), a MEK inhibitor (U0126, at 5 and 10 mM), or PI3K inhibitor (LY294002, at 5 and 10 mM) decreased SHKBP1 expression in association with the specific inhibition of each targeted pathway (Additional file 1: Figure S2A). The gene discussed is SHKBP1; the disease is acute kidney injury.