At the 30th day post-infection, single i.t. treatments with neutralizing anti-CX3CL1, etanercept, or IL-1ra inhibited hyperalgesia but not paw edema, which is in line with the notion that peripheral inputs can induce spinal cord neuroinflammation that will enhance nociception [15, 18, 19]. Here, CX3CL1 is linked to infection.