Leishmaniasis induced significant increase of spinal cord GFAP, Iba-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, CX3CR1, and CX3CL1 mRNA expression, which were inhibited by α-aminoadipate, minocycline, and PDTC treatments (p < 0.05, Fig. 7a–e). Here, TNF is linked to leishmaniasis.