Even though recipient cells do not clearly increase TNF-α proteins after co-culture with 3-1MP or C1MP (Figure 5D), both sTNF-α and tmTNF-α present in MP may interact with non-tumor recipient cells and induce the cellular responses demonstrated here, through activation of ERK phosphorylation and an increase of the cellular proliferation rate (Figure 8). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.