For example, previous studies have demonstrated the association of certain KIR3DL1 allotypes and the KIR3DS1–HLA-Bw480I (HLA-Bw4 molecules have an isoleucine in position 80) interaction with various types of viral infection, although the evidence for the direct binding between KIR3DS1 and HLA-Bw4 remains inconclusive (27, 58–61). This evidence concerns the gene KIR3DL1 and viral infectious disease.