In line with this observation, the HLA-F OC and KIR3DS1 interaction elicits antiviral immune responses, such as increased NK cell cytolysis and cytokine production, which inhibit HIV-1 and HCV replication, suggesting a mechanism for KIR3DS1 in viral infection protection and viral clearance (21, 54, 69). Here, HLA-F is linked to viral infectious disease.