The afore-mentioned HIF-1α has also been shown to be induced in HIV-infected macrophages, involved in the upregulation of HK-1 for supporting viral replication and biogenesis (Barrero et al., 2013), warranting further elucidation of the HIF-1α axis in TB/HIV co-infection in relation to immunometabolism. Here, HIF1A is linked to tuberculosis.