TNF and colitis: In a murine model of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced colitis, mice treated with a mix of SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, and propionate) were shown to be protected against colon inflammation concomitant with reduced expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-17A (Tian et al., 2018), suggesting regulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses by SCFAs.