This concept is in accordance with observations on PARP expression in human neoplasms that show elevated PARP-1 expressions in a wide range of human cancers including high-grade astrocytomas, colorectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas or malignant breast lesions (Rojo et al., 2011; Li et al., 2017; Murnyák et al., 2017; Dörsam et al., 2018). Here, PARP1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.