APP and Alzheimer disease: APP, a transmembrane protein of the neuronal membrane, is crucial for neuron growth, repair, and overall function (Turner et al., 2003; Priller et al., 2006) In AD, the γ-secretase and β-secretase proteolytic cleavage, unlike α-secretase cleavage, can yield amyloidogenic processing that can lead to substantial neurpathologies (Kang et al., 1987; Hooper, 2005; Zhang et al., 2011).