IRAK4 and glioblastoma: Patients with GBM also showed high expression of RIPK1 and RIPK3, which encode receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinases shown to drive NF-κB and inflammasome activation44,45, and IRAK4, which encodes IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, a protein kinase involved in innate immune response signaling from Toll-like receptors and associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation46,47.