However, none of these stimuli induced TRIM52 mRNA levels (Fig. 3a), despite all cytokines successfully inducing known response genes (Fig. S3a), and the viruses achieving productive infection as determined by SeV defective-interfering RNA expression (Fig. S3a; right panel), and GFP expression in >95% of VSV- and NDV-infected cells (not shown). Here, TRIM52 is linked to infection.