However, TGF-β1 has anti-inflammatory effects, and is a key player in maintaining the balances between tolerance to self and autoimmunity or inflammatory responses to foreign antigens41, and some studies have reported that TGF-β1 inhibition enhances AHR and eosinophilic inflammation in an allergic asthma model27,42; however, our results were not consistent with this hypothesis. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and allergic asthma.