Therefore, we quantified the production of cytokines produced by macrophages (IL-6, IL-10, TNFα, IFN-γ, GM-CSF and IL-1β□ in non-infected, Mtb-infection, HIV-infected and co-infected cultures over the course of an Mtb-infection using multiplex cytokine profiling (Fig. 4c). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.