CD274 and neoplasm: These include tumor mutational burden, the presence of neoantigens, PD-L1 expression on the surface of tumor cells and/or surrounding stromal cells, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and patient smoking status (Ji et al, 2012; Ngiow et al, 2015; Danilova et al, 2016; Gainor et al, 2016; Spranger et al, 2016; Ayers et al, 2017; Corrales et al, 2017).